SPEECHES AND WRITINGS
Below are a few examples of some of the speeches, articles, and essays that I have written this past year.
SPEECH
I gave the speech below in my LA101H class Spring of 2012. The 4-6 minute speech, was created to inform an audience on the situation of a particular issue, in this case standardized testing, through analyzing kairos, ideologies, key players, exigence, etc. In an excerpt from my Civics and Rhetoric blog, I discuss why I chose this topic.
"As a recent high school graduate, I've spent the last ten years under the pressure of standardized testing. In 8th grade specifically, after my school failed to meet requirements, things changed drastically. Instead of education being fun and exciting, my school turned into a mundane world of multiple choice tests, graphic organizers, and practice exams. Each year, our school would pay thousands of dollars for us to take exams imitating the format of a state-mandated test. Every few months, students would be dismissed from their classes for a few hours to take these exams. Students who passed the tests were often rewarded with some sort of a prize, in most cases ten dollar Barnes and Noble gift certificates, while students who failed were singled out and placed into "remediation" groups. At the end of the day, when most students were in study halls, these students were being taught basic reading, writing, and math skills. They were told which test-taking methods were effective, and how to single down possible answers based on their length, or whether or not the words "always" or "never" were used in the response. Although, I personally was never placed in groups like these, the idea seemed wrong to me. Students who were taken out of study hall and placed in remediation, were most often the ones who needed the extra attention from teachers during this time. Instead of being able to focus and receive help for their real classes, they were spending hours being taught how to take a test.
Ultimately, I've seen the effects of standardized testing. I've seen how they single out kids and make them feel less intelligent. I've witnessed the stress these tests put on teachers and administrators. I've seen the entire objective of a school change in order to satisfy a percentage."
"As a recent high school graduate, I've spent the last ten years under the pressure of standardized testing. In 8th grade specifically, after my school failed to meet requirements, things changed drastically. Instead of education being fun and exciting, my school turned into a mundane world of multiple choice tests, graphic organizers, and practice exams. Each year, our school would pay thousands of dollars for us to take exams imitating the format of a state-mandated test. Every few months, students would be dismissed from their classes for a few hours to take these exams. Students who passed the tests were often rewarded with some sort of a prize, in most cases ten dollar Barnes and Noble gift certificates, while students who failed were singled out and placed into "remediation" groups. At the end of the day, when most students were in study halls, these students were being taught basic reading, writing, and math skills. They were told which test-taking methods were effective, and how to single down possible answers based on their length, or whether or not the words "always" or "never" were used in the response. Although, I personally was never placed in groups like these, the idea seemed wrong to me. Students who were taken out of study hall and placed in remediation, were most often the ones who needed the extra attention from teachers during this time. Instead of being able to focus and receive help for their real classes, they were spending hours being taught how to take a test.
Ultimately, I've seen the effects of standardized testing. I've seen how they single out kids and make them feel less intelligent. I've witnessed the stress these tests put on teachers and administrators. I've seen the entire objective of a school change in order to satisfy a percentage."
Standardized Testing and It's Effects on our Education System
“Rarely is the question asked: Is our children learning?”
-George W. Bush, Florence, South Carolina, Jan. 11, 2000
Although George W. Bush’s incorrect use of grammar is ironic under the circumstances, his question nonetheless is noteworthy. More than ten years after his infamous quote, we’re still asking the same question. Are our children learning? Education without a doubt is one of the most powerful gifts we can receive. It’s more than career advancement and higher pay, it is about gaining opportunity, making informed decisions, improving ourselves, and having a positive impact in our community. For this reason, the use of standardized testing within the “No Child Left Behind Act” has become a crucial concern among many Americans.
The “No Child Left Behind Act” was passed in 2002 with overwhelming support from President Bush and congress. The main idea behind the bill was that through establishing high, measurable standards, and testing students accordingly, education would improve. In order to receive funding, schools would have to enforce the use of standardized state-mandated tests, which would be given annually to students in grades 3 through 8, and 11. Through these tests, our government had hoped to distinguish “successful” school districts from “unsuccessful” school districts. Schools deemed “unsuccessful” that did poorly on the tests were expected to make improvements. Failure to improve, however, could result in rehiring of staff, new curriculum, extended class periods, shutting down schools, and direct involvement from the state office of education.
The problem with “No Child Left Behind” is that it is unrealistic and inaccurate. We cannot use standardized tests as our sole means of measuring the success rate of students and schools, as is occurring now. Bubbling in answers on a multiple-choice test does not show an understanding of complex ideas, nor does it encourage original thought process. Many times, within multiple-choice tests, students are able to eliminate answers down to two or three possibilities, incidentally resulting in a correct answer. Although this method may increase their scores, it does NOT show that a student has an understanding of the concept. Rather, it shows that they have been educated in how to take a test. In hopes of truly improving our education system, many would prefer to see essays, short answers and attentive teacher observations used to assess student learning.
In a New York City middle school, teachers were asked to spend 15 minutes daily with their students informing them on how to answer multiple-choice questions. In another school, the cheer “Three in a row? No, No, No!” was used to encourage students to not fill in three consecutive questions with the same answer. When schools revise their curriculum to “teach to the test,” their purpose changes from providing their students with a quality education to surpassing a state mandated test in order to meet government standards and receive grant money. NCLB also changes curriculums through placing extra emphasis on tested subjects such as math, reading, writing, and science while discouraging students from taking courses in music, art, foreign language, and social sciences. Although this may result in higher test scores, students lose out on the benefits of a well-rounded education.
NCLB requires each year’s class to exceed the previous year’s test scores. By the year 2014, all students are expected to score proficient or higher on the test. In other words, what they’re expecting is no less than perfection. Unrealistic goals, such as these, become a problem for both teachers and students as schools take on overwhelmingly stressful objectives. Schools no longer become a safe-haven for learning, but a strict, uptight environment that takes away from the joy and excitement of education. Senior students unable to pass these tests, feel the pressure more than anyone. In states with graduation requirements, these tests define whether or not a student will receive their diploma. Ironically, states enforcing “high standards” through graduation requirements are often the ones with the highest drop out rates. In ways, dropouts have become a benefit to schools; when the lower scores from dropouts disappear, the school’s test average will appear higher, giving a false sense of success.
If you’ve graduated from an American public school within the past few years it may be hard to imagine what your education could have been like without the impact of the No Child Left Behind act and the overuse of standardized testing. It may be hard to imagine your education as one unbound from the dull and excessive use of multiple-choice tests and graphic organizers. It frustrates me to know that my education was the result of a failed science experiment left in the hands of ill-informed politicians. I understand that mistakes happen, that our world is full of them, however, we must learn from our mistakes, and make changes. For this reason, we must caste aside the No Child Left Behind act, and start fresh.
-George W. Bush, Florence, South Carolina, Jan. 11, 2000
Although George W. Bush’s incorrect use of grammar is ironic under the circumstances, his question nonetheless is noteworthy. More than ten years after his infamous quote, we’re still asking the same question. Are our children learning? Education without a doubt is one of the most powerful gifts we can receive. It’s more than career advancement and higher pay, it is about gaining opportunity, making informed decisions, improving ourselves, and having a positive impact in our community. For this reason, the use of standardized testing within the “No Child Left Behind Act” has become a crucial concern among many Americans.
The “No Child Left Behind Act” was passed in 2002 with overwhelming support from President Bush and congress. The main idea behind the bill was that through establishing high, measurable standards, and testing students accordingly, education would improve. In order to receive funding, schools would have to enforce the use of standardized state-mandated tests, which would be given annually to students in grades 3 through 8, and 11. Through these tests, our government had hoped to distinguish “successful” school districts from “unsuccessful” school districts. Schools deemed “unsuccessful” that did poorly on the tests were expected to make improvements. Failure to improve, however, could result in rehiring of staff, new curriculum, extended class periods, shutting down schools, and direct involvement from the state office of education.
The problem with “No Child Left Behind” is that it is unrealistic and inaccurate. We cannot use standardized tests as our sole means of measuring the success rate of students and schools, as is occurring now. Bubbling in answers on a multiple-choice test does not show an understanding of complex ideas, nor does it encourage original thought process. Many times, within multiple-choice tests, students are able to eliminate answers down to two or three possibilities, incidentally resulting in a correct answer. Although this method may increase their scores, it does NOT show that a student has an understanding of the concept. Rather, it shows that they have been educated in how to take a test. In hopes of truly improving our education system, many would prefer to see essays, short answers and attentive teacher observations used to assess student learning.
In a New York City middle school, teachers were asked to spend 15 minutes daily with their students informing them on how to answer multiple-choice questions. In another school, the cheer “Three in a row? No, No, No!” was used to encourage students to not fill in three consecutive questions with the same answer. When schools revise their curriculum to “teach to the test,” their purpose changes from providing their students with a quality education to surpassing a state mandated test in order to meet government standards and receive grant money. NCLB also changes curriculums through placing extra emphasis on tested subjects such as math, reading, writing, and science while discouraging students from taking courses in music, art, foreign language, and social sciences. Although this may result in higher test scores, students lose out on the benefits of a well-rounded education.
NCLB requires each year’s class to exceed the previous year’s test scores. By the year 2014, all students are expected to score proficient or higher on the test. In other words, what they’re expecting is no less than perfection. Unrealistic goals, such as these, become a problem for both teachers and students as schools take on overwhelmingly stressful objectives. Schools no longer become a safe-haven for learning, but a strict, uptight environment that takes away from the joy and excitement of education. Senior students unable to pass these tests, feel the pressure more than anyone. In states with graduation requirements, these tests define whether or not a student will receive their diploma. Ironically, states enforcing “high standards” through graduation requirements are often the ones with the highest drop out rates. In ways, dropouts have become a benefit to schools; when the lower scores from dropouts disappear, the school’s test average will appear higher, giving a false sense of success.
If you’ve graduated from an American public school within the past few years it may be hard to imagine what your education could have been like without the impact of the No Child Left Behind act and the overuse of standardized testing. It may be hard to imagine your education as one unbound from the dull and excessive use of multiple-choice tests and graphic organizers. It frustrates me to know that my education was the result of a failed science experiment left in the hands of ill-informed politicians. I understand that mistakes happen, that our world is full of them, however, we must learn from our mistakes, and make changes. For this reason, we must caste aside the No Child Left Behind act, and start fresh.
PERSUASIVE ARTICLE
In terms of religion, I don't know what I believe, or what I should believe. I see so much hypocrisy in everything, maybe it's just the wrong people representing "right" ideas, or the right people representing the "wrong" ideas. Regardless, religion is something that defines people, that defines cultures, and interactions. It's such a huge part of our moral and value system, and is the reason behind so many of our actions and words. The idea has been gnawing at me, and I think that in a way, by researching and writing this article I was able to release some of the frustration and tension that I've been feeling in regards to the subject.
Originally, this was in article format, double columned with photos, quotes, and graphs placed throughout. Unfortunately, It wouldn't transfer quite the same, so it looks a little more like an essay.
Originally, this was in article format, double columned with photos, quotes, and graphs placed throughout. Unfortunately, It wouldn't transfer quite the same, so it looks a little more like an essay.
Separation of Church and State
“Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof”
-THE FIRST AMENDMENT
As an American citizen, chances are you’ve heard this line. As a typical Penn State student, you’ve probably been asked numerous times to research the U.S. Constitution, analyze it, and of course, be tested on it. More often than not, these tasks seem like chores. Our rights and amendments, protected by documents such as the Constitution, are things we already have. As young adults, growing up in the 21st century, they’re things we’ve never had to live without, which makes them fairly easy to take for granted… easy to take for granted until that one day when all of the sudden our rights have been infringed upon, when powerful politicians are behind laws and policies that neither you nor I believe in, but legally, must follow.
The Separation of Church and State has been an ongoing issue within our nation’s history. Although recently it has taken a back seat to issues regarding the economy, global warming, and the 2012 Presidential Election, it is an issue equally important to our nation, an issue that has recently been facing ongoing threats by current politicians, political parties, and their representatives.
What is it?
Separation of Church and State refers to the distance in the relationship between government and religion. It’s the concept that the government should have no say in the church, while religion should have no say in our government. The separation ensures religious freedom; Instead of favoring a particular religion, and dismissing the views of an “inferior” religion, it ensures that individuals are free to worship any way they please. It ensures that the lives of citizens shall not be constrained by the religious views of others.
Although the first amendment is the basis for “separation of church and state”, the phrase itself does not literally appear in the constitution, a point upon which much controversy has arisen. Because separation of church and state isn’t literally written, but implied through the first amendment and supported by the actions and statements of our founding fathers, religious persons have tried to argue its legitimacy. The campaign manager for Republican politician Christine O’Donnell, sarcastically offered a thousand dollar “bounty” to anyone who could find the exact phrase, “separation of church and state” within the United States Constitution. In a recent interview past presidential candidate, Rick Santorum stated that Separation of Church and State “makes me want to throw up,” and that “the constitution is there to do one thing: protect God-given rights.” Tea party members, on the other hand, have been caught holding up signs saying, “Save the USA. Restore God, prayer, and the Constitution.”
The Founding Fathers
What those against the Separation of Church and State forget is that the idea behind the term has been supported through a variety of other works. The term “Separation of Church and State” itself is derived from Thomas Jefferson’s letter to the Danbury Baptist Ministry in 1802, in which he ensures members that their religious freedom is protected. He states, in reference to the first amendment, “I contemplate with sovereign reverence that act of the whole American people which declared that their legislature should make no law respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof, thus building a wall of separation between church and state.”
In 1797, John Adams signed the Treaty of Tripoli, a document stating, “The United States is not, in any sense, founded on the Christian religion.” The treaty recognized that we live in a nation composed not only of numerable Christian denominations, but also Buddhists, Jews, Muslims, Hindus, Polytheists, Agnostics, Atheists and more.
Where do you fit in?
As a student at one of the largest universities in the nation, diversity is everywhere. Surrounding us is an immense variety of nationalities, races, ethnicities, cultures, and lastly religions. There are students represented from over 50 states, 151 countries, all with their own unique belief system, composed of individualized morals and values.
Whether or not someone believes in God, or a particular religion, is something completely separate from whether or not they lead ethical lives, something that O’Donnell, Santorum, and others have forgotten. Adams and his colleagues noted that by enforcing the idea that Christianity was superior to other religions, feelings of intolerance would be created towards others, particularly minorities.
Our country was founded in the 16th century by the Pilgrims, Puritans, and Quakers; denominations prosecuted for their views contradicting those of the Church of England. They risked their lives to escape religious intolerance, and found freedom in America. Yes, our Constitution was written over 200 years later, but in no way did our founding fathers forget the roots of this country and what it was built upon. It’s not a coincidence that the idea of religious freedom through Separation of Church and State became the basis for our first amendment.
Religions of the U.S.A.
Although a 2011 Gallup poll revealed that 75% of the United States population is Christian, the first amendment reminds us of the mutual respect upon which our country was founded on, and that our government should have no part in forcing any particular religious view onto others through governmental laws and the threats of their consequences. Citizens should be allowed the freedom to make their own decisions regarding religious practices as long as those decisions are not harmfully affecting others. When we respect these choices and opinions of individuals, regardless of whether or not we agree with their set of beliefs, we can achieve more. Only through respect and understanding for one another are we able to unite as one and come together to create effective, mutual solutions to our nation’s issues.
A common misconception that arises with the Separation of Church and State is that its message constitutes a lack of faith. By the government not unifying with one sole religion, many choose to believe that it is against all types of religion. However, this is not true. Separation of Church and State encourages a tolerance and respecttowards all religions.
Personal Experiences
We’re all from different backgrounds and upbringings, and our experiences have influenced and defined who we are, our values, and beliefs. Growing up in a family equally composed of Atheists and Christians, I believe in the freedom that comes through the Separation of Church and State. Although I can’t personally define my stance on the religious spectrum, I have a tremendous respect for those who can, regardless of whether they are Christian, Jewish, Buddhist, Muslim, Hindu, Atheist, etc. I feel it is these differences that are responsible for creating such unique beauty within our world, and it is why I so strongly defend the idea that personal faith should not be suppressed and conformed under one “right” belief system, even slightly.
Differing familial viewpoints have also proven to me that good “morals” are universal. Just because Atheists don’t believe in God, or the Bible, does not in any way mean they lack the respect and kindness towards others that is so promoted through religion; the same goes for any other religion or denomination. But the truth is that just because someone doesn’t believe in a particular God or a God at all does not mean that they believe in murder, hatred, violence, or cruelty. By creating the idea that one religion is superior to another by favoring it in government leads only to this sort of religious intolerance and discrimination.
Morals versus Ethics
Those against the Separation believe that their own “righteous” set of morals, derived from religious writing, should be what rules our government. However, I’d like to point out that it cannot be morals that run a successful government, but rather ethics. Although they are similar, morals, “a belief about right and wrong conduct” differs from ethics, “a reason based, cumulative system of moral decision making” as defined by Elijah Weber. Weber states, “Ethics is an advanced expression of morality… and requires that we be honest, thorough, and comprehensive about (decisions regarding) right and wrong.” Our political laws and policies should be based upon logic rather than belief, and therefore “because the bible says so” should not be enough to validate a political decision. In other words, morals stated and implied throughout the Bible, Torah, Koran, etc., because they are based off of a belief system, rather than logic and reason, should not justify our laws.
For example, Christian candidate Mitt Romney along with many others are against the legalization of gay marriage, and hold their justification in Leviticus 20:13 “If a man lies with a man as one lies with a woman, both of them have done what is detestable.” However, with the Separation of Church and State it is understood that a statement like this is not enough to base our laws off of, laws with the potential to affect the wellbeing of millions. Instead, our policies are meant to overlook religious bias and question ethics; why should or shouldn’t homosexuals be allowed to marry? What are the pros and cons? Does it harm the wellbeing of others? Does it conflict with ethical principles? Why or why not?
Deuteronomy 21:18-21 calls on parents to kill disobedient children, Genesis 38:8-10 to marry the spouse of a deceased sibling, and Deuteronomy 25:11-12 to cut off the hand of a woman who defends her husband in a physical confrontation, if instead of ethics, religious writing and “morals” were the backbone of our legal system, who’s to say that our government wouldn’t revolve around harsh, merciless, and unethical laws such as these?
My beliefs should not be able to define the way that you can or cannot lead your life and vice versa. Religion is personal, not political. In effect, our government should not create laws in favor of one religion, because it has the ability to affect the personal freedoms of others negatively. Maybe it’s not you personally who would be affected by a Christian-dominant government, but what about your friends and family? What happens when someone else’s religious views restricts your Muslim roommate, or Atheist Uncle?
What You Can Do to Help
Separation of church and state has always been a controversial topic within the history of our nation. It’s an issue blurred with religious bias and prejudice, an issue facing an increasing amount of threats by current politicians. However, as college students, we have the ability to ensure that our constitutional amendments, and consequently, our rights are preserved and protected. Not only can you vote for candidates in favor of the Separation of Church and State but you can also work with, volunteer, donate and support organization like the American Civil Liberties Union, People for the American Way, Americans for Religious Liberty, or The Interfaith Alliance, organizations all in favor of the separation of religion and government. We are the future of our nation, and it’s up to us to ensure that true separation of church and state is a reality for future generations, just as our founding fathers, and so many others have for us.
-THE FIRST AMENDMENT
As an American citizen, chances are you’ve heard this line. As a typical Penn State student, you’ve probably been asked numerous times to research the U.S. Constitution, analyze it, and of course, be tested on it. More often than not, these tasks seem like chores. Our rights and amendments, protected by documents such as the Constitution, are things we already have. As young adults, growing up in the 21st century, they’re things we’ve never had to live without, which makes them fairly easy to take for granted… easy to take for granted until that one day when all of the sudden our rights have been infringed upon, when powerful politicians are behind laws and policies that neither you nor I believe in, but legally, must follow.
The Separation of Church and State has been an ongoing issue within our nation’s history. Although recently it has taken a back seat to issues regarding the economy, global warming, and the 2012 Presidential Election, it is an issue equally important to our nation, an issue that has recently been facing ongoing threats by current politicians, political parties, and their representatives.
What is it?
Separation of Church and State refers to the distance in the relationship between government and religion. It’s the concept that the government should have no say in the church, while religion should have no say in our government. The separation ensures religious freedom; Instead of favoring a particular religion, and dismissing the views of an “inferior” religion, it ensures that individuals are free to worship any way they please. It ensures that the lives of citizens shall not be constrained by the religious views of others.
Although the first amendment is the basis for “separation of church and state”, the phrase itself does not literally appear in the constitution, a point upon which much controversy has arisen. Because separation of church and state isn’t literally written, but implied through the first amendment and supported by the actions and statements of our founding fathers, religious persons have tried to argue its legitimacy. The campaign manager for Republican politician Christine O’Donnell, sarcastically offered a thousand dollar “bounty” to anyone who could find the exact phrase, “separation of church and state” within the United States Constitution. In a recent interview past presidential candidate, Rick Santorum stated that Separation of Church and State “makes me want to throw up,” and that “the constitution is there to do one thing: protect God-given rights.” Tea party members, on the other hand, have been caught holding up signs saying, “Save the USA. Restore God, prayer, and the Constitution.”
The Founding Fathers
What those against the Separation of Church and State forget is that the idea behind the term has been supported through a variety of other works. The term “Separation of Church and State” itself is derived from Thomas Jefferson’s letter to the Danbury Baptist Ministry in 1802, in which he ensures members that their religious freedom is protected. He states, in reference to the first amendment, “I contemplate with sovereign reverence that act of the whole American people which declared that their legislature should make no law respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof, thus building a wall of separation between church and state.”
In 1797, John Adams signed the Treaty of Tripoli, a document stating, “The United States is not, in any sense, founded on the Christian religion.” The treaty recognized that we live in a nation composed not only of numerable Christian denominations, but also Buddhists, Jews, Muslims, Hindus, Polytheists, Agnostics, Atheists and more.
Where do you fit in?
As a student at one of the largest universities in the nation, diversity is everywhere. Surrounding us is an immense variety of nationalities, races, ethnicities, cultures, and lastly religions. There are students represented from over 50 states, 151 countries, all with their own unique belief system, composed of individualized morals and values.
Whether or not someone believes in God, or a particular religion, is something completely separate from whether or not they lead ethical lives, something that O’Donnell, Santorum, and others have forgotten. Adams and his colleagues noted that by enforcing the idea that Christianity was superior to other religions, feelings of intolerance would be created towards others, particularly minorities.
Our country was founded in the 16th century by the Pilgrims, Puritans, and Quakers; denominations prosecuted for their views contradicting those of the Church of England. They risked their lives to escape religious intolerance, and found freedom in America. Yes, our Constitution was written over 200 years later, but in no way did our founding fathers forget the roots of this country and what it was built upon. It’s not a coincidence that the idea of religious freedom through Separation of Church and State became the basis for our first amendment.
Religions of the U.S.A.
Although a 2011 Gallup poll revealed that 75% of the United States population is Christian, the first amendment reminds us of the mutual respect upon which our country was founded on, and that our government should have no part in forcing any particular religious view onto others through governmental laws and the threats of their consequences. Citizens should be allowed the freedom to make their own decisions regarding religious practices as long as those decisions are not harmfully affecting others. When we respect these choices and opinions of individuals, regardless of whether or not we agree with their set of beliefs, we can achieve more. Only through respect and understanding for one another are we able to unite as one and come together to create effective, mutual solutions to our nation’s issues.
A common misconception that arises with the Separation of Church and State is that its message constitutes a lack of faith. By the government not unifying with one sole religion, many choose to believe that it is against all types of religion. However, this is not true. Separation of Church and State encourages a tolerance and respecttowards all religions.
Personal Experiences
We’re all from different backgrounds and upbringings, and our experiences have influenced and defined who we are, our values, and beliefs. Growing up in a family equally composed of Atheists and Christians, I believe in the freedom that comes through the Separation of Church and State. Although I can’t personally define my stance on the religious spectrum, I have a tremendous respect for those who can, regardless of whether they are Christian, Jewish, Buddhist, Muslim, Hindu, Atheist, etc. I feel it is these differences that are responsible for creating such unique beauty within our world, and it is why I so strongly defend the idea that personal faith should not be suppressed and conformed under one “right” belief system, even slightly.
Differing familial viewpoints have also proven to me that good “morals” are universal. Just because Atheists don’t believe in God, or the Bible, does not in any way mean they lack the respect and kindness towards others that is so promoted through religion; the same goes for any other religion or denomination. But the truth is that just because someone doesn’t believe in a particular God or a God at all does not mean that they believe in murder, hatred, violence, or cruelty. By creating the idea that one religion is superior to another by favoring it in government leads only to this sort of religious intolerance and discrimination.
Morals versus Ethics
Those against the Separation believe that their own “righteous” set of morals, derived from religious writing, should be what rules our government. However, I’d like to point out that it cannot be morals that run a successful government, but rather ethics. Although they are similar, morals, “a belief about right and wrong conduct” differs from ethics, “a reason based, cumulative system of moral decision making” as defined by Elijah Weber. Weber states, “Ethics is an advanced expression of morality… and requires that we be honest, thorough, and comprehensive about (decisions regarding) right and wrong.” Our political laws and policies should be based upon logic rather than belief, and therefore “because the bible says so” should not be enough to validate a political decision. In other words, morals stated and implied throughout the Bible, Torah, Koran, etc., because they are based off of a belief system, rather than logic and reason, should not justify our laws.
For example, Christian candidate Mitt Romney along with many others are against the legalization of gay marriage, and hold their justification in Leviticus 20:13 “If a man lies with a man as one lies with a woman, both of them have done what is detestable.” However, with the Separation of Church and State it is understood that a statement like this is not enough to base our laws off of, laws with the potential to affect the wellbeing of millions. Instead, our policies are meant to overlook religious bias and question ethics; why should or shouldn’t homosexuals be allowed to marry? What are the pros and cons? Does it harm the wellbeing of others? Does it conflict with ethical principles? Why or why not?
Deuteronomy 21:18-21 calls on parents to kill disobedient children, Genesis 38:8-10 to marry the spouse of a deceased sibling, and Deuteronomy 25:11-12 to cut off the hand of a woman who defends her husband in a physical confrontation, if instead of ethics, religious writing and “morals” were the backbone of our legal system, who’s to say that our government wouldn’t revolve around harsh, merciless, and unethical laws such as these?
My beliefs should not be able to define the way that you can or cannot lead your life and vice versa. Religion is personal, not political. In effect, our government should not create laws in favor of one religion, because it has the ability to affect the personal freedoms of others negatively. Maybe it’s not you personally who would be affected by a Christian-dominant government, but what about your friends and family? What happens when someone else’s religious views restricts your Muslim roommate, or Atheist Uncle?
What You Can Do to Help
Separation of church and state has always been a controversial topic within the history of our nation. It’s an issue blurred with religious bias and prejudice, an issue facing an increasing amount of threats by current politicians. However, as college students, we have the ability to ensure that our constitutional amendments, and consequently, our rights are preserved and protected. Not only can you vote for candidates in favor of the Separation of Church and State but you can also work with, volunteer, donate and support organization like the American Civil Liberties Union, People for the American Way, Americans for Religious Liberty, or The Interfaith Alliance, organizations all in favor of the separation of religion and government. We are the future of our nation, and it’s up to us to ensure that true separation of church and state is a reality for future generations, just as our founding fathers, and so many others have for us.
FILM ANALYSIS
The essay below, "Water in Joe Wright's Atonement," is the final piece that I wrote for ENG 083T, an honors film and literature seminar. The seminar itself completely changed how I interpret movies and writing. It showed me how to really analyze and pick apart subtle but significant details, and recognize their overall contribution to the work's theme. Thanks to a great professor, and class outline, I can honestly say that this class has been my favorite so far at Penn State. It taught me how to analyze film and literature in a way that I've never been exposed to. Also, for the first time in my life, I was taught how to write a good paper, instead of it being expected of me. My essay, "Water in Joe Wright's Atonement" acknowledges the sort of growth that I've made this year at Penn State as a writer, student, and individual. I can only hope that in the future, I will be able to make similar strides in my own improvement.
Water in Joe Wright's Atonement
Water in Joe Wright’s film, Atonement, is an evident symbol that reoccurs time and time again. Both within and outside of Christian context water holds a strong tie to the characters, actions, plot and overall theme evoked within the narrative.
Water can be defined in many ways, due to its numerable uses and references. Water is the liquid of which seas, lakes, and rivers are composed, which falls as rain or issues through springs (OED). Tasteless and inodorous, it is a drink used to satisfy thirst, a necessary aliment for animal and plant life (OED). It is used for washing, steeping, boiling, etc. In biblical use, water figuratively refers to that which satisfies spiritual needs or desires. (OED)
The versatility in definition is reflected also in symbolism. Water is a symbol for life, purity, metamorphosis, and renewal. According to Genesis, the earth is founded upon water, and in turn is what sustains all forms of life. The human body is no exception, containing two-thirds of its make up as water. Water regulates metabolism, detoxes, regulates temperature, helps prevent disease, and helps in overall function of the human body.
This is evident at the end of the war, when Robbie Turner is dying from septicemia. In desperate need of a drink, he turns to a spigot, only to find that nothing is coming out. The lack of water, in many ways is a reason for his death. Had Robbie been hydrated, his body may have been able to fight off the infection that took away his life. On the other hand, the flooding that took place on October 14, 1940 at the Balham Tube station is what killed Cecilia. Water, although vital in sustaining life, equally has the power to destroy it.
One of the first appearances of water in the film is at the Triton fountain where the romance between Robbie and Cecilia starts to develop. When the vase breaks after Robbie and Cecilia’s clumsy argument, the camera focuses in on the section of the vase slowly sinking underwater until it hits the limestone base. Moments later the same shot captures Cecilia jumping into the blue-green water, grasping the missing piece. In ways the underwater shot foreshadows her drowning at the Balham tube station years later. By connecting the two scenes, water also creates the idea that her state of mind is the same under both circumstances; she is frustrated and angry. At the fountain, she is angry with Robbie and herself for the unspoken feelings she experiences. Similarly at the tube station, she is frustrated by her surroundings, upset at the death of Robbie, frustrated at the life she chose, and angry with Briony for destroying what could have been.
After Cecilia removes herself from the fountain and redresses she pushes past the shocked Robbie Turner. When she leaves, he pulls himself to the edge of the fountain, and gently places his hand flat a top the reflecting water, creating a prayer-like gesture. In the background floats a white water lily. Water lilies in a religious sense are a symbol of rebirth. They represent truth, beauty, peace, enlightenment, and good fortune. In a sense, this represents the hopeful life Cecilia and Robbie have imagined for themselves before their separation.
The blue-green of the underwater fountain scene creates a basis for the rest of the film’s color scheme. Contrary to popular belief, pure water is not colorless. Instead, it contains a very pale blue tint, only to be seen in large bodies of water. However, water easily picks up pigments from its surroundings. In the Northern Atlantic, water that makes up oceans, lakes, rivers, and streams may appear as a dark bluish green as a result of imposed algae, or released pigments from the ground below. In the Caribbean, though, water takes on a very clear blue appearance. This range of pale blues to greens is evident in the soldier’s blue striped pajamas, Cecilia’s vibrant green dress, and Briony’s pale blue nurse’s uniform.
Briony’s large pale blue eyes are equally important to the color scheme, for she too is connected to the idea of water. Just as water easily picks up pigments, it characteristically moves in the path of least resistance. In many ways, Briony acts likewise. In the years since her false testimony, she has become aware of her mistake, but fails to act on it. When Cecilia asks her what it is she’s been doing the last five years, Briony responds that she wanted to see her sister first. Briony hasn’t told anyone or tried to atone for her sin because it metaphorically requires her to go against the flow of least resistance. In order to be forgiven she must reverse the damage that she has previously done, and confess to her friends and family the mistake she has committed. However, just as it is easier for Briony to write fictional narratives than it is for her to confess her true memoir, it is easier for the Tallis family to recognize Robbie Turner, the servant’s son, as a rapist, rather than wealthy chocolatier, Paul Marshall.
In one of his letters, Robbie writes to Cecilia about the life he imagines they could have had had it not been interrupted by the false accusation, jail, and war that has torn them apart. As Robbie recites the letter, pictured is Cecilia sitting alone in front of the White Cliffs of Dover, looking out onto the vast blue ocean as waves crash in front of her. In this scene, we are able to further grasp and sympathize with all that Cecilia has given up for love. She is isolated, in a world without family, separated from her lover. Unlike a stream, representing grace and fluidity, the Ocean reaffirms the powerful, uncontrollable side of life; one that Cecilia herself has little control over. This vast depth and mystery of the Ocean is in many ways similar to the unknown events that are to define their future.
In the scene when Cecilia, Paul Marshall, and Leon are out by the lake, sunbathing and having cocktails, Leon asks Cecilia, “Has something happened between you two (Cecilia and Robbie)?” Rather than answering, Cecilia escapes the conversation and dives off the board into the lake. The splashing sound transfers directly into the next scene, when Robbie is bathing. This use of water to transfer from scene to scene represents the interconnected flow of energy between all things. All living creations depend on water to survive, and have since the beginning of time. The same water particles flow through each of us, into our surroundings, until they are eventually vaporized, condensed, and once again dispersed. This cycle of vaporization, condensation, and precipitation represents both the metamorphosis of characters, along with the connection and effects that individual choices have on the world around us.
In Christianity, the water cycle also acts as a metaphor for the Father, Son, and Holy Spirit. Water has the power to regenerate the spirit, and cleanse us from sins. It is used to repel evil spirits, in baptism, and to bless people, objects, and places. In many ways, Briony strives for this same cleansing of spirit. While working at the hospital, she begins to realize the effects her choices have had on the course of her life and others. She is portrayed washing containers, mopping floors, scrubbing bed frames, and washing her own hands even when they appear clean. It’s evident that Briony is struggling with how she must atone for her sin. Although she can scrub away at objects, and even her physical self, it cannot clear her mental and spiritual conscience. Only later in the film, when Fiona catches Briony on the roof writing “Two figures and a Fountain,” do we see the cleansing from an interior perspective.
Water appears in this scene as reflections on the girls’ faces and through the sound of trickling water. Instead of directly being able to see a lake, pond, or pool: reflections and sound are indirect references to water. Similarly, we can’t see Briony’s mind or spirit, but can only interpret and understand her through her actions and conversations. Water then, in this sense, represents her internal change. Initially Briony defends and protects her unfinished story from Fiona, however, the scene doesn’t stay tense for very long, and instead ends in both girls hysterically laughing. The light-hearted ending to the scene emphasizes the relief in releasing her suppressed guilt. Briony has discovered that through writing she can atone for her sins.
The film ends with Cecilia and Robbie at their cottage with “white clapboard and blue painted window frames” along the White Cliffs of Dover. By the sea, they playfully pretend to splash and throw each other into the incoming waves. Although the scene is imagined, Briony, has given them the happiness they never got to experience, a heaven-like reverie associated with the sea.
The White Cliffs of Dover are a strongly identified with Great Britain. The cliffs provide topographical protection, and were the first and last things soldiers saw upon leaving or returning to their homeland. As a soldier on the other side of the channel, water, in the end was the physical barrier that separated Robbie from Cecilia at the time of his death. The White Cliffs of Dover scenically contribute to the evoked sense of romantic longing between Robbie and Cecilia.
Water holds various symbolic references within Joe Wright’s Atonement. Although in many ways it represents the interconnected web of life, purity, metamorphosis, and rebirth, it equally represents the path of least resistance, which in turn literally and figuratively separates Robbie from Cecilia.
Water can be defined in many ways, due to its numerable uses and references. Water is the liquid of which seas, lakes, and rivers are composed, which falls as rain or issues through springs (OED). Tasteless and inodorous, it is a drink used to satisfy thirst, a necessary aliment for animal and plant life (OED). It is used for washing, steeping, boiling, etc. In biblical use, water figuratively refers to that which satisfies spiritual needs or desires. (OED)
The versatility in definition is reflected also in symbolism. Water is a symbol for life, purity, metamorphosis, and renewal. According to Genesis, the earth is founded upon water, and in turn is what sustains all forms of life. The human body is no exception, containing two-thirds of its make up as water. Water regulates metabolism, detoxes, regulates temperature, helps prevent disease, and helps in overall function of the human body.
This is evident at the end of the war, when Robbie Turner is dying from septicemia. In desperate need of a drink, he turns to a spigot, only to find that nothing is coming out. The lack of water, in many ways is a reason for his death. Had Robbie been hydrated, his body may have been able to fight off the infection that took away his life. On the other hand, the flooding that took place on October 14, 1940 at the Balham Tube station is what killed Cecilia. Water, although vital in sustaining life, equally has the power to destroy it.
One of the first appearances of water in the film is at the Triton fountain where the romance between Robbie and Cecilia starts to develop. When the vase breaks after Robbie and Cecilia’s clumsy argument, the camera focuses in on the section of the vase slowly sinking underwater until it hits the limestone base. Moments later the same shot captures Cecilia jumping into the blue-green water, grasping the missing piece. In ways the underwater shot foreshadows her drowning at the Balham tube station years later. By connecting the two scenes, water also creates the idea that her state of mind is the same under both circumstances; she is frustrated and angry. At the fountain, she is angry with Robbie and herself for the unspoken feelings she experiences. Similarly at the tube station, she is frustrated by her surroundings, upset at the death of Robbie, frustrated at the life she chose, and angry with Briony for destroying what could have been.
After Cecilia removes herself from the fountain and redresses she pushes past the shocked Robbie Turner. When she leaves, he pulls himself to the edge of the fountain, and gently places his hand flat a top the reflecting water, creating a prayer-like gesture. In the background floats a white water lily. Water lilies in a religious sense are a symbol of rebirth. They represent truth, beauty, peace, enlightenment, and good fortune. In a sense, this represents the hopeful life Cecilia and Robbie have imagined for themselves before their separation.
The blue-green of the underwater fountain scene creates a basis for the rest of the film’s color scheme. Contrary to popular belief, pure water is not colorless. Instead, it contains a very pale blue tint, only to be seen in large bodies of water. However, water easily picks up pigments from its surroundings. In the Northern Atlantic, water that makes up oceans, lakes, rivers, and streams may appear as a dark bluish green as a result of imposed algae, or released pigments from the ground below. In the Caribbean, though, water takes on a very clear blue appearance. This range of pale blues to greens is evident in the soldier’s blue striped pajamas, Cecilia’s vibrant green dress, and Briony’s pale blue nurse’s uniform.
Briony’s large pale blue eyes are equally important to the color scheme, for she too is connected to the idea of water. Just as water easily picks up pigments, it characteristically moves in the path of least resistance. In many ways, Briony acts likewise. In the years since her false testimony, she has become aware of her mistake, but fails to act on it. When Cecilia asks her what it is she’s been doing the last five years, Briony responds that she wanted to see her sister first. Briony hasn’t told anyone or tried to atone for her sin because it metaphorically requires her to go against the flow of least resistance. In order to be forgiven she must reverse the damage that she has previously done, and confess to her friends and family the mistake she has committed. However, just as it is easier for Briony to write fictional narratives than it is for her to confess her true memoir, it is easier for the Tallis family to recognize Robbie Turner, the servant’s son, as a rapist, rather than wealthy chocolatier, Paul Marshall.
In one of his letters, Robbie writes to Cecilia about the life he imagines they could have had had it not been interrupted by the false accusation, jail, and war that has torn them apart. As Robbie recites the letter, pictured is Cecilia sitting alone in front of the White Cliffs of Dover, looking out onto the vast blue ocean as waves crash in front of her. In this scene, we are able to further grasp and sympathize with all that Cecilia has given up for love. She is isolated, in a world without family, separated from her lover. Unlike a stream, representing grace and fluidity, the Ocean reaffirms the powerful, uncontrollable side of life; one that Cecilia herself has little control over. This vast depth and mystery of the Ocean is in many ways similar to the unknown events that are to define their future.
In the scene when Cecilia, Paul Marshall, and Leon are out by the lake, sunbathing and having cocktails, Leon asks Cecilia, “Has something happened between you two (Cecilia and Robbie)?” Rather than answering, Cecilia escapes the conversation and dives off the board into the lake. The splashing sound transfers directly into the next scene, when Robbie is bathing. This use of water to transfer from scene to scene represents the interconnected flow of energy between all things. All living creations depend on water to survive, and have since the beginning of time. The same water particles flow through each of us, into our surroundings, until they are eventually vaporized, condensed, and once again dispersed. This cycle of vaporization, condensation, and precipitation represents both the metamorphosis of characters, along with the connection and effects that individual choices have on the world around us.
In Christianity, the water cycle also acts as a metaphor for the Father, Son, and Holy Spirit. Water has the power to regenerate the spirit, and cleanse us from sins. It is used to repel evil spirits, in baptism, and to bless people, objects, and places. In many ways, Briony strives for this same cleansing of spirit. While working at the hospital, she begins to realize the effects her choices have had on the course of her life and others. She is portrayed washing containers, mopping floors, scrubbing bed frames, and washing her own hands even when they appear clean. It’s evident that Briony is struggling with how she must atone for her sin. Although she can scrub away at objects, and even her physical self, it cannot clear her mental and spiritual conscience. Only later in the film, when Fiona catches Briony on the roof writing “Two figures and a Fountain,” do we see the cleansing from an interior perspective.
Water appears in this scene as reflections on the girls’ faces and through the sound of trickling water. Instead of directly being able to see a lake, pond, or pool: reflections and sound are indirect references to water. Similarly, we can’t see Briony’s mind or spirit, but can only interpret and understand her through her actions and conversations. Water then, in this sense, represents her internal change. Initially Briony defends and protects her unfinished story from Fiona, however, the scene doesn’t stay tense for very long, and instead ends in both girls hysterically laughing. The light-hearted ending to the scene emphasizes the relief in releasing her suppressed guilt. Briony has discovered that through writing she can atone for her sins.
The film ends with Cecilia and Robbie at their cottage with “white clapboard and blue painted window frames” along the White Cliffs of Dover. By the sea, they playfully pretend to splash and throw each other into the incoming waves. Although the scene is imagined, Briony, has given them the happiness they never got to experience, a heaven-like reverie associated with the sea.
The White Cliffs of Dover are a strongly identified with Great Britain. The cliffs provide topographical protection, and were the first and last things soldiers saw upon leaving or returning to their homeland. As a soldier on the other side of the channel, water, in the end was the physical barrier that separated Robbie from Cecilia at the time of his death. The White Cliffs of Dover scenically contribute to the evoked sense of romantic longing between Robbie and Cecilia.
Water holds various symbolic references within Joe Wright’s Atonement. Although in many ways it represents the interconnected web of life, purity, metamorphosis, and rebirth, it equally represents the path of least resistance, which in turn literally and figuratively separates Robbie from Cecilia.